BREAKING! Executive Agreement

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Executive  Agreement

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This article is about executive agreements between nations in general. For information on executive agreements in US foreign policy, see Foreign policy of the United States.

An executive agreement^[1] is an agreement between the heads of government of two or more nations that has not been ratified by the legislature as treaties are ratified. 

Executive agreements are considered politically binding to distinguish them from treaties which are legally binding.

In the United States, executive agreements are made solely by the President of the United States. They are one of three mechanisms by which the United States enters into binding international obligations. 

Some authors consider executive agreements to be treaties under international law in that they bind both the United States and another sovereign state. However, under United States constitutional law, executive agreements are not considered treaties for the purpose of the Treaty Clause of the United States Constitution, which requires the advice and consent of two-thirds of the Senate to qualify as a treaty.

Some other nations have similar provisions with regard to the ratification of treaties.

Contents

• 1 In general
• 2 In the United States
• 3 References
• 4 See also   

In General

Executive agreements are often used in order to bypass the requirements of national constitutions for ratification of treaties. Many nations that are republics with written constitutions have constitutional rules about the ratification of treaties. The Organization for Security and Co-Operation in Europe is based on executive agreements.

In the United States
 
In the United States, executive agreements are binding internationally if they are negotiated and entered into under the president's authority in foreign policy, as commander-in-chief of the armed forces, or from a prior act of Congress. 

For instance, as commander-in-chief the President negotiates and enters into status of forces agreements (SOFAs) which govern the treatment and disposition of U.S. forces stationed in other nations. 

An executive agreement, however, cannot go beyond the President's constitutional powers. An agreement that is beyond the President's authority would require congressional approval, either as a congressional-executive agreement or a treaty with Senate advice and consent. 

If an agreement was neither within the competence of Congress nor within the authority of the President (as for example an agreement which would affect powers reserved to the states), it could still be adopted by the President/Senate method but must not conflict with the United States Constitution. 

The Supreme Court in U.S. v. Pink (1942) held that international executive agreements validly made have the same legal status as treaties and did not require Senate approval.

The Case Act of 1972 required the president to inform the Senate within 60 days of any executive agreement being made. No restriction was placed on presidential powers to make such agreements. The notification requirement enabled Congress to vote to cancel an executive agreement, or to refuse to fund its implementation.^[2]  

References

1. Jump up ^ Green, William (2004). Schultz, David; Vile, John R., eds. The Encyclopedia of Civil Liberties in America. Armonk, NY: Routledge. pp. 345–348. ISBN 9781317457138. Retrieved 25 April 2016. 
2. Jump up ^ Case Act on Executive Agreements (1972)

See also

• Congressional-executive agreement

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_agreement