Sunday, December 9, 2012

2ND BITE TO CHALLENGE OBAMA'S ELIGIBILITY?


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A longstanding eligibility case challenging Barack Obama’s presence in the White House soon could be headed to the state Supreme Court in Alabama, where one justice already in a court filing has questioned the authenticity of Obama’s documentation, and the incoming chief justice is a dyed-in-the-wool Constitution supporter with little tolerance for those who want to bypass the document.
The move is pending in an eligibility challenge brought by Hugh McInnish and others against the Alabama Secretary of State, Beth Chapman.
The case most recently was turned down by a state district judge, Eugene Reese, who got his opinion into the mix by determining that the case was “ordered, adjudged and decreed” to be dismissed.
The case calls for a determination that Chapman “has a duty to verify the eligibility of those seeking office.”
In a recent brief in the case, attorney Larry Klayman, founder of Judicial Watch and now of the Klayman Law Firm in Washington, noted that while the state is arguing it should not be tasked with making sure candidates are eligible, the submission by the state itself suggests otherwise.
“[An attorney general's opinion] is not case precedent binding on this court … Nevertheless, it constitutes an admission by Alabama’s chief law enforcement officer on behalf of the state that if the Secretary of State has knowledge gained from an official source about a candidate’s eligibility then she ‘should not’ certify the candidate.”
The issue is the conflict over the requirements of the U.S. Constitution, which demands, “No Person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United States, at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of president…”
While Obama’s campaign first released a representation of a short-form birth document from Hawaii, and the White House later officially posted online a representation of a long-form certificate, the authenticity of both of those documents has been questioned.
A special Cold Case Posse assembled by Maricopa County, Ariz., Sheriff Joe Arpaio concluded that the long-form document was a fabricated image built on a computer.
At last word, it was investigating the possibility of forgery and fraud charges.
“Plaintiffs have shown, backed by sworn affidavits from an ‘official source,’ Sheriff Joseph M. Arpaio and his investigator, Mike Zullo, that Barack H. Obama is not a natural born citizen eligible to be president. … There is credible evidence that Mr. Obama was not born within the United States and that his birth certificate or other identifying documents are fraudulent,” Klayman argued.
For one thing, a publisher promoting Obama as an author for years promoted in a biography of Obama that he was a native Kenyan.
“The secretary of state, having the power to certify candidates, can surely de-certify – in effect disqualify – them if they are found to be ineligible. Mr. Obama proceeded at his own risk. He defrauded the people of the state of Alabama as well as the other voters in this country, and incredibly has served an entire presidential term without once having to prove that he was indeed a natural born citizen, despite all the evidence to the contrary,” the plaintiffs argued.
The brief said even though the dispute is a “hot potato,” “the rule of law must eventually govern, without regard to politics, and cannot and should not be sidestepped through legally convenience and politically correct court rulings which ignore the plain language of the U.S. Constitution.”
But many court cases have made such arguments, and have prompted dismissals by “hot potato”-wary judges.
This one, should it appear before the state Supreme Court as Klayman plans, would be before a panel where one judge at an earlier step in the case already has raised doubts about Obama’s authenticity.
It was when the majority of the high court denied a petition filed by McInnish seeking to require an original copy of Obama’s birth certificate before the sitting president would be allowed on the state’s ballot this year, Justice Tom Parker filed a special, unpublished concurrence in the case arguing that McInnish’s charges of “forgery” were legitimate cause for concern.
Parker wrote, “Mclnnish has attached certain documentation to his mandamus petition, which, if presented to the appropriate forum as part of a proper evidentiary presentation, would raise serious questions about the authenticity of both the ‘short form’ and the ‘long form’ birth certificates of President Barack Hussein Obama that have been made public.”
The “certain documentation” Parker refers to is the findings of an investigation conducted by Arpaio.
As WND reported, Arpaio and his Cold Case Posse announced there is probable cause indicating the documents released by the White House last April purported to be Obama’s original, long-form birth certificate and Selective Service registration card are actually forgeries.
In his concurrence, Parker describes McInnish’s petition as follows: “McInnish seeks from this court a writ of mandamus, directly ordering Beth Chapman, as secretary of state for the State of Alabama, ‘to demand that [President Barack Hussein] Obama cause a certified copy of his bona-fide birth certificate be delivered to her direct from the government official who is in charge of the record in which it is stored, and to make the receipt of such a prerequisite to his name being placed on the Alabama ballot for the … November 6, 2012, general election.’”
Parker, who also wrote a concurrence in another case arguing Roe v. Wade should be overturned, agreed that Arpaio’s findings were legitimate cause to question Obama’s presented documents, but nonetheless joined his fellow justices in denying McInnish’s petition.
“The Alabama Constitution implies that this court is without jurisdiction over McInnish’s original petition,” Parker explains. “The office of the secretary of state of Alabama is not a ‘court of inferior jurisdiction’ that this court may control through the issuance of a writ in response to a petition.”
Now, however, the case is coming from a lower court.
Also, the newly elected chief justice for the court, Judge Roy Moore, recently told WND in an interview that the country must return to a standard where the rule of law, the Constitution, prevails over politics.
Moore, many will remember, was the judge who was removed from the same position he’s now assuming 10 years ago for refusing a federal court’s order to remove a Ten Commandments monument from the state judicial building in Alabama.
He’s explained repeatedly that he has no plans to bring that back, because the monument became a distraction from the real issue: the acknowledgement of God as explained in the national and state constitutions. And he says there’s no possibility of true justice without that.
He said he will be sworn in on the promise to uphold the Constitution of the United States as well as the Alabama Constitution.
“The only way you can do that is acknowledge that morality and law does come from God,” he said.
It’s not really that complicated, he noted. Human beings unrestrained by law misbehave, so the Constitution is set up with the goal of restraining human excesses, specifically in government.
“The whole basis of the Constitution is the restraint of human power,” he said.
He cited the state of the United States now, following the 2012 election, as an example of things gone wrong.
“No president has the power to violate constitutional restraints of power,” he said. “[The members of the legislature] don’t and neither does the Supreme Court.”
Yet, he said, Barack Obama has violated its standard by bombing Libya, when the Constitution provides only Congress shall declare war.
“The Constitution is the rule of law, and [my job is] to uphold is to uphold the rule of law,” he said.
“I get criticized for my professions that God is the basis of all rights or liberties,” he told WND, “and yet, the rule of law, being the Constitution, and its companion, the Declaration of Independence, organize the laws of our country on [the premise that] our rights come from God.”
Government’s job, he said, is to secure and protect those rights.
Further, the full Constitution needs to play an active role today, he said.
“There is little regard for the Constitution in the courts today, even the U.S. Supreme Court,” he said.
“You go back and you read Thomas Jefferson’s letter to William Giles, of 1825,” he said. “Read what he said about the usurpation of the rights of states. It sounds like he was speaking today.”
In that 1825 letter, which is online at Constitution.org, Jefferson writes that he is concerned that the federal government is becoming to powerful.
“I see, as you do, and with the deepest affliction, the rapid strides with which the federal branch of our government is advancing towards the usurpation of all the rights reserved to the states, and the consolidation in itself of all powers, foreign and domestic; and that too, by constructions which, if legitimate, leave no limits to their power,” he wrote. “Take together the decisions of the federal court, the doctrines of the president, and the misconstructions of the constitutional compact acted on by the legislature of the federal branch, and it is but too evident, that the three ruling branches of that department are in combination to strip their colleagues, the state authorities; of the powers reserved by them, and to exercise themselves all functions foreign and domestic.”
He noted the misbehavior at that time – a taxation plan for roads – was being pursued under the color of the government’s power to regulate commerce, the same precedent cited for the imposition of Obamacare today.
“They assume indefinitely that also over agriculture and manufactures, and call it regulation to take the earnings of one of these branches of industry, and that, too, the most depressed, and put them into the pockets of the other, the most flourishing of all,” Jefferson wrote. “Under the authority to establish post roads, they claim that of cutting down mountains for the construction of roads, of digging canals, and aided by a little sophistry on the words ‘general welfare,’ a right to do, not only the acts to effect that, which are specifically enumerated and permitted, but whatsoever they shall think, or pretend will be for the general welfare.”
And think Congress today is in conflict? Jefferson said of the state of Washington then: “And what is our resource for the preservation of the Constitution? Reason and argument? You might as well reason and argue with the marble columns encircling them. The representatives chosen by ourselves? They are joined in the combination, some from incorrect views of government, some from corrupt ones, sufficient voting together to outnumber the sound parts; and with majorities only of one, two, or three, bold enough to go forward in defiance.”
He said patience is needed, and the nation should “keep ourselves in a situation to profit by the chapter of accidents; and separate from our companions only when the sole alternatives left, are the dissolution of our Union with them, or submission to a government without limitation of powers. Between these two evils, when we must make a choice, there can be no hesitation.”

Read more at http://www.wnd.com/2012/12/2nd-bite-to-challenge-obamas-eligibility/#LYME7d0yYHxTBbfG.99 

Snow.....This is breathtaking.....I'm in the 7%

http://www.mediafire.com/view/?18qp9k85d97vo69


Greetings of wonderment to each one of you:  I get this every year about Christmas time.  From someone.  Oh, it often arrives with a change or two in verse or picture, but it arrives.  And that means a lot to me because I change, too.  And I know how I think about myself and the World I play in changes, too.  But most of all what it speaks to me is that I still matter to someone out there in my little sphere of influence.  Someone cares for me other than God and the Angels.  I'm blessed with a loving, diverse group of friends and family.  And for each one of you - thank you for being exactly who you are.  As we go forth this holiday season spend time with those who matter to you not money.  Rekindle the bonds that help us thrive as human beings. Maintain a playful spirit.  Love what you are doing in this life - or do something else.  

WHAT IF NOAH LIVED IN THE UNITED STATES UNDER OBAMA? FROM ERASMUS OF AMERICA - DEC. 9, 2012 - 5:30 PM



     WHAT IF NOAH LIVED IN THE UNITED STATES UNDER OBAMA? A PARABLE ON WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT FROM ERASMUS OF AMERICA DEC. 9,  2012

     The Lord spoke to Noah and said, "In one year I am going to make it rain and cover the whole earth until all flesh is destroyed. I want you to save all the righteous people in America and two of every living being on Earth. Therefore I am commanding you to build an Ark."
     In a flash of lightning God delivered the specifications for an Ark on the internet to Noah. In fear and trembling Noah took the plans and agreed to build the Ark in America.
      "Remember," said the Lord, "You must complete the Ark and bring everything on board within one year."
     Exactly one year later fierce storm clouds covered the Earth and all the seas of the earth went into a tumult. The Lord saw that Noah was sitting in his front yard and wweeping.
     "Noah!" the Lord shouted. "Where is the Ark?"
     "Lord, please forgive me," cried out Noah. "I did my best but there were big problems. I had to get a permit for construction and your plans did not comply with the building codes. I had to hire an engineering firm and redraw the plans. Then I got into a fight with OSHA over whether or not the Ark needed floatation devices and a sprinkler system. My neighbor objected and claimed I was violating zoning laws by building the Ark in my front yard, so I had to get a variance from the city planning commission. I had problems getting enough wood for the Ark because thee was a ban on cutting trees to protect the spotted owl. I finally convinced the US Forest Service that I needed the wood to save the owls. However, the Fish and Wildlife Service won't let me catch any owls, so no owls."
      "The carpenters formed a union and went out on strike. I had to negotiate a settlement with the National Relations Board before anyone would pick up a saw or hammer. Now I have 16 carpenters, but still no owls. When I started rounding up the other animals I got sued by an animal rights group. They objected to me taking only two of each kind of animal on board. Just when I got the suit dismissed, the EPA notified me that I could not complete the Ark without filing an environmental impact study on the proposed flood. They did not take very kindly to the fact that they had no jurisdiction over the Creator of the universe. They said you were not an American citizen and so you could not operate under our laws not living here. And I would have to register as an agent of a foreign power if I tried to build this Ark.
      "Then the Army Corps of Engineers demanded a map of the proposed new flood plan of yours. I sent them a globe and they said I also had to get permission to build this Ark from the UN since this was worldwide in effect with your flood plan to float this Ark on. Also, right now I am trying to resolve a complaint filed with the Equal Opportunity Commission that I am discriminating by not taking Godless, unbelieving people onboard!"
     "The IRS has seized my assets claiming that I am building the Ark in preparation to flee the country to avoid paying taxes. I just got a notice that I owe them some kind of users tax, as I failed to register the Ark as a recreational watercraft."
      Finally the ACLU got the courts to issue an injunction against further construction of the Ark  saying that since God is going to flood the Earth, it is a religious event and therefore unconstitutional. I really don't think I can finish the Ark for likely another 5 or 6 years at this rate!
     Then Noah wailed.
     The sky began to clear, the sun began to shine, and the seas began to calm. A rainbow arched the sky and Noah looked up hopefully.
     "You are not going to destroy the Earth, Lord?" Noah respectfully asked.
     "No," said the Lord very sadly. "I don't have to. The government under Obama already has!"

      A political and religious parable on America today taken from my soon-to-be-released book "Our Early Roots Of Apostolic Christianity" ($25.00) by Erasmus of America. I have modern articles on today as well as first writings of Christianity in it. 
     Look up over 100 of my national reports posted over the last 8 months posted with Nesara News which has often posted the truth where others would not! Look at their search box at the top left of their website and see the listing of reports of mine you can read from them. Put in Erasmus of America (my pen name for listing of reports).
     Join my national email listing by sending in your name and email address to me at fastboomamericaneconomy@gmail.com . Send in $2.00 and a self-addressed stamped envelope addressed back to you to NIFI at NIFI, P.O. Box 1465, Seneca, SC 29679 and ask for a copy of "Miracles Of God For Modern America And The World." Copy and distribute this around America and almost all Americans will then firmly believe in God. I publicize stunning Miracles of God that have occurred in our modern times across the world and among all serious branches of Christianity in the world. Churches back this and this will evangelize America back to God or at least much of America.
      Feel free to copy and send this Noah report all over the internet. It shows why the economy has done so poorly. There is no legal freedom in America which makes free enterprise, the survival of Christianity, etc. so hard to maintain in America today under a Wash., D.C. which does not believe in the legal rights of the American people as their laws and policies clearly show nor wishes to honor God as a government or a nation any longer in America.
     Yours for God and Country, Erasmus of America (pen name. I repeat what Patrick Henry said, "Give me liberty or give me death!" This became the rallying cry of the American Revolution of 1776!)

Portal 2012 Important Post --- Needs To Go Viral


I have a very important post that needs to go viral.

Please post it in your blog if you feel so guided:


Thank you for your contribution to the victory of the Light!

Cobra


DAY OF THE CONTACT

12-21-2012

It is time to take action! It is time to take the destiny of our world in our own hands! Therefore we will meet in groups large and small, as individuals and couples, at the exact time of solstice, at the end of the Mayan 5125 year cycle, on December 21st. On that day, a powerful flash of energy from the Galactic Central Sun will reach the Earth and trigger long lasting changes. Masses will gather on that day and invoke the presence and intervention of our positive extraterrestrial Star brothers and sisters that will assist us in the process of liberation of our planet from the tyranny of the dark forces so that for the first time in our history we will have the chance to create our own destiny as free citizens of the Earth.

Our mass effort on this day will be the trigger that will help to activate the Plan so that it may come to its fruition. Our activation on that day is our declaration of Victory of the Light. Make this viral! Share it worldwide! Please post it on your websites and blogs. If you know an alternative media outlet, you can send it to them. You can create a Facebook group for your local group of people dong this in your part of the world. You can create a video about this and post it on Youtube.

The critical mass for this activation to have desired effect is about 118,000 people worldwide actually doing it with focus. If we consider that human concentration skills  are not perfect, we need 144,000 people as the critical mass. 

But to read about it is one thing and actually participate is completely another. I would encourage as many people as possible to actually participate, although it may be in the early morning hours in your part of the world. 

The Original 13th Amendment

In 1811 the House of Representatives voted 65 to 64 to not to renew the Charter for the National Bank. In the Senate the vote was deadlocked at 17 to 17 and the Vice President George Clinton broke the tie when he voted against renewing the Charter. This action infuriated the Mayer Amschel Rothchild and he swore that he would instigate a war that would be financially devastating to the United States.
In an effort to prevent the British and other foreign power from meddling in our affairs Congress voted 26 to 1 in the Senate and 87 to 3 in the House to propose an Amendment that would prevent agents from foreign governments from being elected to office or from accepting bribes from foreign powers . Anyone accepting or retaining a Title of Nobility or Honor or anyone receiving compensation for political favors would be stripped of their citizenship and their right to vote or hold office.
The British knew that if this Amendment were to become law in the United States, they would be forever unable to control money and banking in the United States. With 26 of the 27 Senators voting in favor of the Amendment and with 87 out of the 90 Representatives in the House voting for the Amendment, the British knew that the would need to do everything in their power to see to it that the proposed amendment was not ratified.
On February 7, 1812 Virgina became the 12th state to ratify the amendment and only one more state was needed for ratification. In June of 1812, the war that had been predicted by the Rothchilds began.
The British knew that they could not conquer us militarily but they could control us financially if they could control money and banking in the United States. The purpose of the War of 1812 was to re-establish a National Bank and to allow the Rothchild Family to regain control over the monetary system in the United States.

Visit WELL REGULATED AMERICAN MILITIAS ! at: http://wramsite.com/?xg_source=msg_mes_network

2012 Scenario Update



Video: Towards the Golden Age – A Pictorial Summary and more...

In This Update...

The 2012 National Debt Road Trip



From: Forbidden Knowledge TV <newsletter@forbiddenknowledgetv.com>
Subject: The 2012 National Debt Road Trip
Date: Sunday, December 9, 2012, 6:40 AM

This video depicts the National Debt
as a road trip and visualizes how fast
the most recent US Presidents have
increased the debt.
Video (about 3 mins):

What has the U.S. Supreme Court said about the Sixteenth Amendment?


Subject: Re: What has the U.S. Supreme Court said about the Sixteenth Amendment?

Dave:

Looks like an uphill battle, which govt. will resists with all of its might. What strategies could be used to prevail that haven't already been tried and failed?

It would seem that their greatest weakness is that it has been determined that the 16th was never properly ratified.

I'm not ready to embark upon still another legal crusade, unless there is a plan to actually win. The establishment might actually throw Obama under the bus, if the circumstances were right. He is expendable, but the tax revenues flowing from the current interpretation of the 16th are NOT.
Regards,
George Miller
http://venturacountyteaparty.com
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

-----Original Message-----
From: David LaRocque <dlarocq@roadrunner.com>
To: David LaRocque <dlarocq@roadrunner.com>
Sent: Sun, Dec 9, 2012 10:02 am
Subject: What has the U.S. Supreme Court said about the Sixteenth Amendment?
What has the U.S. Supreme Court said about the Sixteenth Amendment?

“The Sixteenth Amendment did not authorize any new type of tax, nor did it repeal or revoke the tax clauses of Article I of the Constitution”

By Peter Hendrickson, Author “Cracking the Code: The Fascinating Truth About Taxation in America”

December 7, 2012



Perhaps the following, excerpted from my larger articles at http://losthorizons.com/Documents/AllEconomicActivityIsNotIncome.htm and
http://losthorizons.com/Intro.pdf will help clarify the effect of the 16th Amendment.

The apportionment requirement on a capitation or other direct tax was not changed by the 16th Amendment. The Supreme Court, in Brushaber v. Union Pacific R.R. Co., 240 U.S. 1 (1916), the case taken up by the court for the express purpose of settling the meaning and effect of the 16th Amendment, addresses Brushaber's contention that the amendment provides for a non-apportioned capitation or other direct tax as follows:


"We are of opinion, however, that the confusion is not inherent, but rather arises from the conclusion that the 16th Amendment provides for a hitherto unknown power of taxation; that is, a power to levy an income tax which, although direct, should not be subject to the regulation of apportionment applicable to all other direct taxes. And the far-reaching effect of this erroneous assumption will be made clear by generalizing the many contentions advanced in argument to support it..."

Noting that nothing in the 16th Amendment repeals Article 1, s. 9, cl. 4 imposing the apportionment requirement on capitations and other direct taxes, the court points out that Brushaber's erroneous argument would cause:

“...one provision of the Constitution [to] destroy another; that is, [it] would result in bringing the provisions of the Amendment [supposedly] exempting a direct tax from apportionment into irreconcilable conflict with the general requirement that all direct taxes be apportioned."

The court declares that the only effect of the 16th Amendment is to overrule the Pollock decision's characterization of the application of the tax to rent and dividends that otherwise qualify as "income" as really being a direct tax, and therefore invoking the apportionment requirement, based on the reasoning that the source of the dividends is personal property (the stock), and to tax the dividend is effectively to tax the source.

The court reiterates this point repeatedly in subsequent rulings:

"The provisions of the Sixteenth Amendment conferred no new power of taxation..." 
Stanton v. Baltic Mining Co., 240 U.S. 103 (1916);

"The Sixteenth Amendment, although referred to in argument, has no real bearing and may be put out of view. As pointed out in recent decisions, it does not extend the taxing power to new or excepted subjects..." 
Peck v. Lowe, 247 U.S. 165 (1918);

"[T]he settled doctrine is that the Sixteenth Amendment confers no power upon Congress to define and tax as income without apportionment something which theretofore could not have been properly regarded as income." 
Taft v. Bowers, 278 US 470, 481 (1929)  (Emphasis added.)

Treasury Department legislative draftsman F. Morse Hubbard summarizes this point for Congress in hearing testimony in 1943:

"[T]he amendment made it possible to bring investment income within the scope of the general income-tax law, but did not change the character of the tax. It is still fundamentally an excise or duty* with respect to the privilege of carrying on any activity or owning any property which produces income."

(*Note: “Excise or Duty” puts the income tax squarely into the class of indirect taxes as authorized in Article I Section 8 of the United States Constitution, subject to the requirement of uniformity. Indirect taxes are also characterized by being voluntary and avoidable as a result of their application to discretionary activities, and are subject to collection by a third party. The federal gasoline tax is a clear example.)

Here is Legislative Attorney of the American Law Division of the Library of Congress Howard M. Zaritsky in his 1979 Report No. 80-19A, entitled 'Some Constitutional Questions Regarding the Federal Income Tax Laws':

"The Supreme Court, in a decision written by Chief Justice White, first noted that the Sixteenth Amendment did not authorize any new type of tax, nor did it repeal or revoke the tax clauses of Article I of the Constitution, quoted above.  Direct taxes were, notwithstanding the advent of the Sixteenth Amendment, still subject to the rule of apportionment…"

In 1988, the Supreme Court again re-iterates that the 16th Amendment doesn't allow the application of the tax to anything not already properly subject to it before the amendment was ever adopted:

"The legislative history merely shows... ...that the sole purpose of the Sixteenth Amendment was to remove the apportionment requirement for whichever incomes were otherwise taxable." 

So. Carolina v. Baker, 485 U.S. 505 (1988)  (Emphasis added.)

In fact, today's tax remains in large part a body of enactments preceding the 16th Amendment by 51 years:

"The whole body of internal revenue law in effect on January 2, 1939... ...has its ultimate origin in 164 separate enactments of Congress. The earliest of these was approved July 1, 1862; the latest, June 16, 1938."

(The current codified version of the tax statutes was first called the IRC of 1954 and then later relabeled the IRC of 1986, but with the exception of some statutes-at-large enacted in the interim, it remains for the most part derived from the IRC of 1939. See the Congressional Joint Committee on Taxation derivation tables here.  That code, as you see, is itself derived in large part from pre-16th amendment enactments.)

Now, don't let the significance of what you've just read escape you. What qualifies as "income," and is subject to the tax, was identified and taxed as such long before the 16th Amendment. NOTHING IS TAXABLE WITHOUT APPORTIONMENT NOW THAT WASN'T TAXABLE WITHOUT APPORTIONMENT THEN.

As the Supreme Court says over and over, all the 16th Amendment did is override the Pollock court's decision holding that apportionment must be applied in order to tax even "income"-qualified dividends and rent, because of their relationship to their sources. The 16th neither ended or repealed the apportionment requirement for any tax that had qualified as a capitation or other direct tax before it, nor did it "initiate" the income tax, which was already 51 years old when the amendment was declared adopted.

Cracking the Code- The Fascinating Truth About Taxation In America
by Peter E. Hendrickson
Lost Horizons, 2003, 232 pages, $24.95
 
Reviewed by Steve Thomas

“There’s no shortage of frivolous books on the market that make the claim that you can avoid taxes.  ‘Cracking The Code’ is not one of them.” 

Any student of liberty and of the founding of the United States has to know intuitively that the current tax code of our federal government could have never been the intention of our Founding Fathers.  One can take it as a given that the Founders would be disheartened and outraged by the growth and perversion of the federal government – and the abuse of power it employs in collecting taxes from the people.
 
I have often wondered how much different the course of American history would be if an economist like Milton Friedman or James Buchanan  – with two hundred years of hindsight – could be transported back in time to advise the Founders on Constitutional issues like taxation.  Perhaps they could provide the Founders with insights that would have made the Constitution impervious to time and the “factions” that so troubled them.
 
In his recently published book, Cracking The Code: The Fascinating Truth About Taxation In America, libertarian author Peter Eric Hendrickson makes it perfectly clear that America’s Founders were very much aware of the dangers associated with the federal government’s power to tax.  Accordingly, they established a wholly viable system of checks and balances within the Constitution to prevent the federal government from abusing its taxing power.  Hendrickson also points out that the Founders actually had a renowned economist (if indirectly) advising them: a capable Scotsman by the name of Adam Smith.
 
The Constitution calls for direct taxes (i.e., those which are unavoidable) to be apportioned according to each state’s population.   That means that federal taxes are supposed to be collected from the states proportionate to their percentage of the nation’s total population – not directly from individuals. 
 
Even the Sixteenth Amendment, which is widely misunderstood as having established an “income” tax, actually represents only a slight modification of the tax already in place at the time of its proposal.  It did not change the Constitution’s restriction on direct taxation.
 
Nonetheless, a widespread misunderstanding of the effects of that amendment has successfully been exploited to convince Americans that everything changed in 1913.  People wrongly believe that the amendment gives the government the legal ability to take citizen’s property at will – but nothing could be further from the truth, says Hendrickson.  There’s a reason why we hear all the time that it’s a ‘voluntary’ system, and it’s not because we all ‘volunteer’ to save the government the trouble of doing the paperwork.
 
It is Hendrickson’s contention that the only people from whom the federal government can legally demand an “income” tax are those who are direct beneficiaries of the federal government.  Such parties would include federal employees, contractors and those who benefit from government licensing.   In other words, if you are a private citizen who earns a salary, Hendrickson claims that you do not have to pay “income” taxes – including FICA – to the federal government.
 
Don’t believe him?  Then go to Hendrickson’s website (www.losthorizons.com) and bear witness to the unthinkable: a letter from the IRS acknowledging that his claim of “money improperly withheld.” is valid.  But don’t expect your accountant or attorney to jump on Hendrickson’s bandwagon any time soon.  Their jobs – and those of millions of others – depend on your confusion and fear when it comes to the IRS and the bewildering tax code it enforces.
 
Cracking The Code is a product of the information age. The Internet and its search engines allowed Hendrickson to not only wade through the entire tax code, but to investigate and cross-reference its content: all 3,413,780 words of it.  What Hendrickson found is that the tax code, regardless of its confusing and misleading language, is consistent with the Constitution’s original restriction on direct taxes – and that there is no legal way for the federal government to enforce an “income” tax on the labor or earnings of private citizens.  Hendrickson cites clear and consistent case law throughout the book to back his claim – including a plethora from the United States Supreme Court.
 
Readers of Cracking The Code will undoubtedly experience a paradigm shift in their thinking as they make their way through its pages.  Skepticism and doubt will slowly be replaced with certainty and conviction as Hendrickson systematically walks his readers through the law and the tax code’s maze of confusion.  But it won’t come easy.
 
As Thomas Paine once wrote in Common Sense, “ . . . a long habit of not thinking something wrong, gives it the superficial appearance of being right, and raises at first a formidable outcry in defense of custom.”  Paine’s wisdom undoubtedly applies to the sentiments most Americans have when it comes to the way income taxes are imposed upon them.
 
There’s no shortage of frivolous books on the market that make the claim that you can avoid taxes.  Cracking The Code is not one of them.  It is a judicious and thoughtful work written by an American patriot deeply dedicated to the rule of law.  Hopefully, this book will find its way into the hands of concerned citizens, legal scholars and federal judges who truly believe in upholding the Constitution – and who are sympathetic to the cause of liberty.
 
       # # #
Steve Thomas is a freelance writer and businessman in Detroit, Michigan, and an Adjunct Scholar with the Mackinac Center For Public Policy in Midland, Michigan.