All Commercial
Paper Issued By Corporations Acting As Agents Of "Foreign Principal"
Impersonating De Jure (According To Law; By Right.) Office Holders Are
"Counterfeit," Copies Are Not Authentic.
Maxim of
Common-Law Falsus in uno, falsus in omnibus. False in one thing, false in
everything. 1 Sumn. 356.
Whereas defined
pursuant to; Possessing counterfeit foreign obligations or securities Current
through Pub. L. 113-36. (See Public Laws for the current Congress.) Whoever,
within the United States, knowingly and with intent to defraud, possesses or
delivers any false, forged, or counterfeit bond, certificate, obligation,
security, treasury note, bill, promise to pay, bank note, or bill issued by a
bank or corporation of any foreign country, shall be fined under this title or
imprisoned not more than 20 years, or both.
TO COUNTERFEIT
defined: criminal law. To make something false, in the semblance of that which
is true; it always implies a fraudulent intent. Vide Vin. Ab. h.t. Forgery. A
Law Dictionary Adapted To The Constitution and Laws of the United States of
America and of the Several States of the American Union by John Bouvier Revised
Sixth Edition, 1856 http://www.scribd.com/doc/187780111/Common-Law-Trust-to-Counterfeit-Defined-Public-Notice-Public-Record
COUNTERFEIT
defined: To forge; to copy or imitate, without authority or right, and with a
view to deceive or defraud, by passing the copy or thing forged for that which
is original or genuine. Most commonly applied to the fraudulent and criminal
imitation of money or securities. 18 U.S.C.A. § 471 et seq. Counterfeit in
common parlance signifies fabrication of false image or representation;
counterfeiting an instrument means falsely making it; and in its broadest sense
means making of copy without authority or right and with view to deceive or
defraud by passing copy as original or genuine. Smith v. State, 7 Md.App. 457,
256 A.2d 357, 360, 361. See also Bootlegging; False making; Falsify; Forgery;
Gray market goods; Imitation. Black’s Law Dictionary Sixth Edition (page 349)
Counterfeiting,
manufacturing spurious coins, paper money, or evidences of governmental
obligation (e.g., bonds) in the semblance of the true. There must be sufficient
resemblance to the genuine article to deceive a person using ordinary caution.
The offense may be regarded as a special variety of forgery.
The crime affects
property but was historically considered to be an interference with the
administration of government. Hence, under an early English statute (1350),
counterfeiting the king's seal or his gold and silver coinage was a grave crime
against the state amounting to high treason and was punishable by death. The
statute left unchanged the common-law misdemeanors of counterfeiting copper
coinage and passing counterfeit foreign currency. Other early statutes were
directed against debasing the coinage by clipping or filing off the edges to
sell the metal. By the 19th cent, counterfeiting was considered a felony rather
than a form of treason.
The U.S.
Constitution authorizes Congress to "provide for the punishment of
counterfeiting the Securities and current Coin of the United States."
Under that power, statutes have been enacted making criminal the counterfeiting
of the currency and bonds of the United States, of the evidences of indebtedness
(e.g., checks) of the Federal Reserve System, of postage stamps, and of foreign
money used for exchange. Under its powers to define and punish offenses of
international law and its powers to control interstate and foreign commerce,
Congress has passed legislation against the counterfeiting of foreign money and
securities within the United States. Nearly every state now has statutes
against counterfeiting. Since its establishment in 1865 the U.S. Secret Service
has been the primary agency in the combating of counterfeiters in the United
States.
To commit the
crime of counterfeiting one does not necessarily have to make a whole coin or
bill. It may be accomplished by plating coins, by raising the amount of a bill,
or by any other alteration calculated to deceive the recipients. To retain
counterfeit money or government obligations knowingly is also a criminal
offense, regardless of how possession was acquired. The knowing utterance
(passing) of counterfeit currency or securities is also criminal.
For the further
protection of the currency and of postage stamps, statutes forbid making
certain types of photographs (e.g., in color) where there would be danger of
deception. In the 1990s, counterfeiters began to create high-quality color
prints of paper currency using computer scanning and imaging. The U.S.
government and those of other nations responded by redesigning denominations of
bills. U.S. bills issued since 1996 include microscopic printing, watermarks,
and other security features. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia® Copyright ©
2013, Columbia University Press. Licensed from Columbia University Press. All
rights reserved.
Counterfeiting; Crime
of making an unauthorized imitation of a genuine article, typically money, with
the intent to deceive or defraud. Because of the value conferred on money and
the high level of technical skill required to imitate it, counterfeiting is
singled out from other acts of forgery. It is generally punished as a felony
(see felony and misdemeanor). The international police organization Interpol
was established primarily to organize law-enforcement efforts against
counterfeiting. Software, credit cards, designer clothing, and watches are
among nonmoney items commonly counterfeited. For more information on
counterfeiting, visit Britannica.com. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia.
Copyright © 1994-2008 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Whereas defined
pursuant to; Obligations or securities of United States Current through Pub. L.
113-36. (See Public Laws for the current Congress.) Whoever, with intent to
defraud, falsely makes, forges, counterfeits, or alters any obligation or other
security of the United States, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned
not more than 20 years, or both.
Whereas defined
pursuant to; Uttering counterfeit obligations or securities Current through
Pub. L. 113-36. (See Public Laws for the current Congress.) Whoever, with
intent to defraud, passes, utters, publishes, or sells, or attempts to pass,
utter, publish, or sell, or with like intent brings into the United States or
keeps in possession or conceals any falsely made, forged, counterfeited, or
altered obligation or other security of the United States, shall be fined under
this title or imprisoned not more than 20 years, or both.
Whereas defined
pursuant to; Dealing in counterfeit obligations or securities Current through
Pub. L. 113-36. (See Public Laws for the current Congress.) Whoever buys,
sells, exchanges, transfers, receives, or delivers any false, forged,
counterfeited, or altered obligation or other security of the United States,
with the intent that the same be passed, published, or used as true and
genuine, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than 20 years,
or both.
Whereas defined
pursuant to; Possessing counterfeit foreign obligations or securities Current
through Pub. L. 113-36. (See Public Laws for the current Congress.) Whoever,
within the United States, knowingly and with intent to defraud, possesses or
delivers any false, forged, or counterfeit bond, certificate, obligation,
security, treasury note, bill, promise to pay, bank note, or bill issued by a
bank or corporation of any foreign country, shall be fined under this title or
imprisoned not more than 20 years, or both.
Whereas defined
pursuant to titles eighteen sections eight: The term "obligation or other
security of the United States" includes all bonds, certificates of
indebtedness, national bank currency, Federal Reserve notes, Federal Reserve
bank notes, coupons, United States notes, Treasury notes, gold certificates,
silver certificates, fractional notes, certificates of deposit, bills, checks,
or drafts for money, drawn by or upon authorized officers of the United States,
stamps and other representatives of value, of whatever denomination, issued
under any Act of Congress, and canceled United States stamps.
Whereas defined
pursuant to; article one section ten - Powers prohibited of States No State
shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or Confederation; grant Letters of
Marque and Reprisal; coin Money; emit Bills of Credit; make any Thing but gold
and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts; pass any Bill of Attainder, ex
post facto Law, or Law impairing the Obligation of Contracts, or grant any
Title of Nobility.
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