AFP/File / MANDEL NGAN
US President Donald Trump has popularised the term 'fake news' and used it to attack the news media
US President Donald Trump has popularised the term "fake news", using it mainly as an accusation levelled at the media, and it is increasingly used by politicians from Spain to China, Myanmar or Russia.
At the same time, the proliferation of false online information is increasingly visible in attempts to manipulate elections, notoriously surrounding Trump's 2016 victory.
- Misinformation -
Nearly two years after Trump's shock win, debate is still raging on the impact of "fake news" on the presidential campaign.
The build-up saw numerous examples of hoaxes and false news stories -- one about Hillary Clinton's alleged links to a child sex ring, another about the Pope purportedly endorsing Trump -- which were shared massively and some believe could have swung votes to tip Trump to victory.
Misinformation had "a significant impact" on voting decisions, according to Ohio State University researchers, who questioned voters about whether they believed certain false stories.
The researchers said it was impossible to prove that false information had changed the course of the election but noted it would have required a change in just 0.6 percent of voters, or 77,744 people, in three key states, to alter the electoral college outcome.
Since the election, Trump has denounced as "fake news" any information that displeases him while his aides have offered a mixture of truth and distortions, sometimes described as "alternative facts."
This has hurt the credibility of the US news media and led some to describe the current period as a "post-truth era" -- an age without a shared reality.
"The truth is no longer seen as important," said John Huxford of Illinois State University, whose research focuses on false information, adding that "lies and fabrication even seem to bolster one's reputation and political prowess among their core supporters."
AFP/File / DOUGLAS MAGNO
Researchers found that
false reports influenced the perception of several social movements,
including a truckers strike in Brazil last year
Many people reject accurate information which is "discomforting to their self-concept or worldview," noted a study by Professor Brendan Nyhan of Dartmouth College in the United States and Jason Reifler of the University of Exeter in the UK.
- Eroding trust -
In 2018, the average level of trust in the news, across 37 countries, remained relatively stable at 44 percent, according to a poll by YouGov for the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism.
But Reuters Institute research associate Nic Newman warned in text accompanying the report: "Our data show that consumer trust in news remains worryingly low in most countries, often linked to high levels of media polarisation, and the perception of undue political influence."
This is exacerbated by the spread of false information by authority figures. In some countries this can go far. For example in Ukraine, where authorities staged the death of Russian journalist Arkady Babchenko at the end of May. Kiev said the move was justified to foil a real plot to assassinate Babchenko.
The staging, broadcast in good faith by media worldwide, "is a godsend for paranoid people and conspiracy theorists. At a time when confidence in news is so low, a state playing with the truth in this way makes things even more complicated," said Christophe Deloire, secretary general of journalism watchdog Reporters Without Borders.
AFP / GENYA SAVILOV
The staged death of
anti-Kremlin journalist Arkady Babchenko in May has been described by a
press watchdog as 'a godsend for paranoid people and conspiracy
theorists'
The following day, Russia's communications watchdog said it might strip the France 24 TV channel of its Russian operating license, accusing it of violating a Russian media law introduced in 2015 which restricts foreign ownership of media companies in Russia to 20 percent or less.
More than half (54 percent) agreed or strongly agreed that they were concerned about what is real and fake on the internet.
"The very fact that so many people are circulating a piece of misinformation gives it credibility," said Huxford, of Illinois State University.
A study released by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in March found that false news spreads more rapidly on Twitter than real news does.
- Social networks in crisis -
Many see Facebook as being the main vehicle for spreading false information in recent years.
The Cambridge Analytica public relations disaster, in which Facebook admitted that up to 87 million users may have had their data hijacked by the British consultancy firm, came on top of widespread criticism of the social network's propensity to spread and accentuate large amounts of completely false information.
In the US, many Facebook accounts and private pages that were managed by the Internet Research Agency, a Russia-based "troll farm", were targeted by Special Counsel Robert Mueller's investigation into Trump's campaign links with Russia.
Facebook acknowledged on July 3 that it was facing multiple inquiries from US and British regulators about the Cambridge Analytica user data scandal, after its boss Mark Zuckerberg was grilled by the European Parliament and the US Congress earlier this year.
GETTY IMAGES NORTH AMERICA/AFP/File / CHIP SOMODEVILLA
Facebook boss Mark Zuckerberg was grilled at the US Congress after the Cambridge Analytica scandal that saw mass data breaches
It aims to "identify potentially false stories" circulating on Facebook and send them to fact-checkers to review. If an article is rated as false, it appears lower in the platform's News Feed and reduces "future views by over 80 percent on average".
"While the strike was ongoing, a lot of audio was recorded with a lot of false information saying, for example, that in Rio it was impossible to find meat," Cristina Tardaguila, founder of the Brazilian Agencia Lupa fact-checking organisation.
"There was audio recorded by people supposedly connected to the organisation of the strike, but they were not."
As in a growing number of countries, most of the messages during the strike were not spread on Facebook, but on WhatsApp, a messaging service with more than one billion global users, owned by Facebook.
The rise in the use of messaging apps for news was noted in the YouGov report, which said that WhatsApp was now used for news by around half of the sample of online users in Malaysia and Brazil and by around a third in Spain and Turkey.
"WhatsApp will be the platform of the fakes during the election," Tardaguila said, referring to Brazil's presidential polls in October.
WhatsApp is also accused of circulating false information, sometimes with tragic consequences. The messaging service has been under immense pressure to curb the spread of misinformation in India, the company's largest market, after the lynching of more than 20 people accused of child abduction in the last two months.
WhatsApp is starting to announce measures to tackle the problem. It has taken out full-page advertisements in Indian newspapers offering "easy tips" to identify fact from fiction, and will soon launch a new feature that will clearly identify whether a message has been forwarded or written by the user.
But the company is unlikely to go much further since it stands firmly by its policy of protecting the privacy of its users with encryption technology.
Like Facebook and Twitter, Google has also come under fire for its role in spreading misinformation.
In March, the tech giant announced a series of projects to tackle false information and support "credible" media organisations, promising to dedicate $300 million to the efforts over the next three years.
Its search engine also promotes verifications carried out by fact-checking organisations.
- Looming dangers -
AFP/File / Prakash SINGH
Communications app
WhatsApp was forced to take out full-page adverts following a string of
lynchings in India sparked by the sharing of false news reports
Meanwhile techniques to create false information are growing more sophisticated with the development of deep fakes -- manipulated videos that appear genuine but depict events or speech that never happened.
https://www.afp.com/en/news/23/online-battle-truth-doc-17h6381
3 comments:
This article is written by who? This article itself is peppered with 1/2 truths and can not be taken at face value. John MacHaffie who was killed while in the hospital provided a platform for people to tell what's really going on... It was also watched carefully by trolls from CIA who are the ones who have been telling the lies to the American public and trying to run the country by coupe. One newsman who worked for the news company and was new, accidentally found himself in a room that was off limits to everyone, and he was finding news reports written that hadn't even happened yet in there. There have been found fake weather reports where the media was filmed running a big wind fan on a fake palm tree and telling people about this storm going on, and then after filming, they were laughing about it. The news is public manipulation and has been for a long time. They just aren't getting away with it anymore because people can now see through the clothes they wear. One fact: there really are people in the high places of the earth who are actual Satanists. Satanists lie. It doesn't matter what they say, they do whatever they want, and it isn't anything good. It is always evil what they do. You have financiers, Satanists who own the news channels and they are not for the people anywhere. As for Hillary Clinton being portrayed falsely by what this article claims as fake news, is a little bit of that pepper of lies. Cathy O'Brien who was the White House prostitute mostly during the George H.W. Bush administration declared that Hillary raped her when she was a little girl. She wrote a book called Transformation or something like that. There was a video on the internet where Hillary and Huma raped a girl and then cut off her face and put it on their own that people were warned not to view or they would be investigated for pedophilia. These people have been hiding behind the cloak of the satanist run news and now that they are out in the open and people actually know what has been going on, they are fearful of being implicated. Anyhow, this article is intended to put question marks in your head.
Cathy O'Brien was not a prostitute. She (and her little brother) was bought by Regan/Bush WH from her parents for MK Ultra experiments. Under MK, kids are uses as sex slaves, message couriers, assassins, and worse. Gerald Ford took 9 yo Cathy to the WH, where Regan, Bush Sr, Hillary, et al raped her over the years. Bush Sr had her scheduled to be terminated at age 20, but she was kidnapped from her handler and is under protection of a certain State's police force. Later, Cathy and her daugther were stripped naked at Fort Davis on a cold March morning, and Senior and Cheney 'hunted' them with riles, being told the would be killed if found. Later Cathy's little girl was raped by Senior and Cheney.
Search/read: TRANCE-FORMATION OF AMERICA by Cathy O'Brien and Mark Philips - Warning: Very Graphic details of how twisted those in the past WH and current Congress are. Cathy also on Youtube.
The penalty for treason is hanging. Wonder if DC has enough of those lamp-posts Bush Sr said he, himself, would probably be hung from.
DEEPSTATE COVER BLOWN WIDE OPEN RIGHT AFTER INTENSE GRILLING OF PETER STRZOK -- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WzIyn_gZ1ug
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